Indian Art & Culture — Terms Glossary

53 terms in this section — every one exam-ready for UGC NET History (Code 06).

TermDefinitionPeriod / Context
Abhaya Mudra A sacred hand gesture in Indian art symbolizing reassurance, safety, and protection from fear, displayed with the right palm held raised outward. Buddhist / Hindu / Jain Iconography
Amalaka A ribbed, stone disk positioned atop the primary shikhara tower of a Nagara temple, supporting the sacred kalasha. Nagara Temple Architecture
Amaravati School A regional style of ancient Buddhist art in the Krishna-Guntur valley known for white marble relief carvings and narrative panels. Satavahana & Ikshvaku Periods
Antarala A small vestibule or transitional antechamber linking the main temple sanctum (garbhagriha) with the pillared hall (mandapa). Temple Architecture
Arabesque An artistic decoration consisting of surface ornamentations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling foliage, tendrils, and geometric designs. Indo-Islamic Architecture
Bani Thani A famous Kishangarh school miniature painting by Nihal Chand depicting a woman with elongated facial features, modeled after Vishnupriya. Rajput Painting (Kishangarh)
Basohli School The earliest school of Pahari painting, characterized by bold primary colors, intense expression, and beetle-wing foil accents. Pahari Painting
Bharatanatyam A classical dance form originating in Tamil Nadu, traditionally performed by devadasis in temple complexes, documented in the Natyashastra. Classical Performing Arts
Bhumisparsha Mudra The earth-touching gesture of the Buddha calling the earth goddess to witness his enlightenment (bodhi) at Bodh Gaya. Buddhist Iconography
Calligraphy The artistic practice of decorative handwriting and Quranic inscriptions integrated into the architectural facades of Indo-Islamic monuments. Indo-Islamic & Mughal
Chaitya A Buddhist worship hall or shrine featuring a rounded apse housing a sacred stupa at the end opposite the entrance. Buddhist Architecture
Charbagh A Persian-style quadrilateral garden layout divided into four four-part plots by intersecting water channels, popularized by the Mughals. Mughal Architecture
Chaurapanchasika Style A pre-Mughal indigenous style of Indian miniature painting characterized by angular forms and vibrant primary colors. Early Indian Painting
Chhatri Elevated, dome-shaped pavilions used as architectural elements or memorial cenotaphs in Indian and Indo-Islamic architecture. Indo-Islamic & Rajput
Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudra The iconographic gesture of setting the wheel of law in motion, symbolizing the Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Buddhist Iconography
Dhyana Mudra The meditative posture with both hands resting in the lap, right palm over left, symbolizing deep contemplation. Buddhist / Jain Iconography
Dravida Style The South Indian temple architectural style characterized by pyramid-shaped vimana towers, compound walls, and large entrance gateways (gopurams). South Indian Temple Architecture
Gandhara School A Greco-Buddhist art style developed in North-West India featuring realistic anatomical proportions and heavy drapery in Buddhist sculpture. Post-Mauryan / Kushana
Garbhagriha The innermost sanctum sanctorum of a Hindu temple housing the main deity's idol or lingam. Hindu Temple Architecture
Gopuram A monumental entrance gateway tower located at the perimeter of Dravidian temple complexes, adorned with sculpture reliefs. Dravida Temple Architecture
Harmika A square balustrade or railings positioned at the top of a Buddhist stupa dome, enclosing a sacred pedestal for the umbrella (chhatri). Buddhist Stupa Architecture
Jagati A raised stone platform or terrace upon which a temple complex is constructed, serving as an open circumambulatory path (pradakshinapatha). Temple Architecture
Jali A perforated stone or lattice screen with geometric or floral patterns, used for ventilation and privacy in Indo-Islamic architecture. Indo-Islamic & Mughal
Kalasha A finial in the form of a sacred metal or stone pot crowning the apex of a Nagara temple's amalaka. Nagara Temple Architecture
Kangra School The most famous school of Pahari painting, celebrated for its delicate lyrical lines, depiction of nature, and Radha-Krishna themes. Pahari Painting
Kathak Classical dance form of North India characterized by intricate footwork, rapid spins (chakkars), and story-telling traditions. Performing Arts
Kathakali A classical dance-drama originating in Kerala noted for its elaborate face makeup, dramatic costumes, and vivid facial expressions. Classical Performing Arts
Kirtimukha A stylized monster mask motif ("face of glory") placed above temple doorways and niches to ward off evil. Temple Architecture
Kishangarh School An 18th-century Rajput painting school renowned for the idealization of divine love and the creation of the Bani Thani masterwork. Rajput Painting
Mandapa A pillared outdoor hall or pavilion preceding the sanctum in Hindu temple architecture, used for public rituals and gatherings. Temple Architecture
Mathura School An indigenous school of ancient Indian sculpture using red-spotted sandstone, producing early standing Buddha statues and secular art. Post-Mauryan / Kushana
Mithuna Sculptural depictions of amorous couples or erotic pairs carved on ancient temple walls as symbols of fertility and auspiciousness. Sculpture / Temple Art
Mughal Miniature A distinct style of Indian court painting fusing Persian, Indian, and European influences, executed on paper for manuscripts and albums (murakka). Mughal Culture
Murakka An album containing bound miniature paintings, calligraphic specimens, and illuminated borders assembled for Mughal patrons. Mughal Art
Nagara Style The northern Indian style of temple architecture characterized by a curvilinear beehive-shaped tower (shikhara) over the sanctum. North Indian Temple Architecture
Nataraja The iconic bronze iconographic representation of Lord Shiva as the Cosmic Dancer, perfected during the Chola dynasty. Chola Bronzes / Sculpture
Panchayatan A temple layout style where the main shrine is surrounded by four subsidiary shrines positioned at the four corners of the platform. Temple Architecture
Pietra Dura An architectural inlay technique using cut and fitted polished colored stones to create floral patterns on marble walls (Parchin Kari). Mughal Architecture
Pradakshinapatha A circumambulatory passage or elevated walkway surrounding a stupa or sacred temple sanctum for ritual circumambulation. Temple & Stupa Architecture
Rekhaprasada A type of Nagara temple shikhara featuring a curvilinear spire with a square base and inward-curving walls toward the top. Nagara Temple Architecture
Sarnath School A Gupta-era sculpture school known for smooth forms, refined drapery, and spiritual expression in Buddha figures. Gupta Period
Sattriya A classical dance form created by Srimanta Sankardev in the 15th century as part of the Neo-Vaishnavite movement in Assam. Classical Performing Arts
Shikhara The rising tower or spire crowning the sanctum sanctorum in North Indian Nagara temple architecture. Nagara Temple Architecture
Squinch An architectural arch or masonry bridging across the upper corners of a square room to carry a circular dome above it. Indo-Islamic Architecture
Stupa A hemispherical funerary mound containing relics of the Buddha or Buddhist saints, serving as a focal point for worship. Buddhist Architecture
Torana An ornamental, carved gateway arch at the entrance of a Buddhist stupa or Hindu temple complex. Temple & Stupa Architecture
Tribhanga A three-bent body posture in Indian classical sculpture and dance where the body bends at the neck, waist, and knee. Classical Dance & Sculpture
True Arch An arch constructed with wedge-shaped stones (voussoirs) radiating from a central keystone, introduced systematically by Muslims. Indo-Islamic Architecture
Varada Mudra A hand gesture in Indian iconography symbolizing charity, boon-granting, and mercy, depicted with palm facing downward. Buddhist / Hindu Iconography
Vedika A protective stone or wooden railing encircling a sacred Buddhist stupa or sacred tree complex. Buddhist Architecture
Vesara Style A hybrid temple architectural style combining features of Nagara and Dravida styles, developed under the Chalukyas and Hoysalas. Deccan Temple Architecture
Vihara A Buddhist monastery complex providing residential quarters, cells, and study halls for ordained monks. Buddhist Architecture
Vimana The multi-tiered pyramidal tower structure constructed over the sanctum sanctorum in South Indian Dravidian temples. Dravida Temple Architecture

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