From the free UGC NET History Mock Test 10 — Unit 10: Historical Method, Research, Methodology, and Historiography unit-wise mock test — real question, real answer, real explanation.
The British idealist philosopher and historian R.G. Collingwood famously asserted in The Idea of History that:
All history is the history of thought, re-enacted in the historian's own mind ✓
Facts speak for themselves independently of interpretation
Historical events are governed exclusively by economic modes of production
History is an objective science based purely on quantitative data
Collingwood's idealist view held that understanding history means re-enacting the thought behind past actions in the historian's own mind.
In historical research methodology, the process of verifying the authenticity, authorship, date, and origin of a document is termed:
External Criticism (or Lower Criticism / Heuristics) ✓
Internal Criticism (or Higher Criticism / Hermeneutics)
Synthesis
Historiographical Analysis
External Criticism (heuristics) checks a source's authenticity — is the document genuine, correctly dated, and by the claimed author.
The evaluation of the reliability, accuracy, credibility, and truthfulness of the statements contained within a historical text is known as:
Internal Criticism (or Higher Criticism / Hermeneutics) ✓
External Criticism
Paleography
Sigillography
Internal Criticism examines whether the content of an authenticated source is actually credible and truthful.
Who was the founding editor of the influential French Annales School of historiography launched in 1929 alongside Georges Lefebvre?
Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre ✓
Fernand Braudel
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
Jacques Le Goff
Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre launched the Annales journal in 1929, founding the influential Annales School of social/structural history.
The concept of La Longue Durée (the long duration / long-term structural history) was propounded by which prominent Annales historian?
Fernand Braudel ✓
Marc Bloch
Lucien Febvre
Pierre Nora
Braudel's la longue durée emphasised slow-changing, deep structures (geography, climate, economy) over short-term political events.
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Itihaaskar — UGC NET/JRF & UPSC History Optional notes by Parveen Malik (B.Tech. (CSE), M.A. (History), History JRF). Also spelt Itihaskar.
