From the free UGC NET History Mock Test 7 — Unit 7: Sources of Modern Indian History unit-wise mock test — real question, real answer, real explanation.
The revolutionary journal Sandhya was published in Bengal by:
Brahma Bandhab Upadhyay ✓
Aurobindo Ghosh
Bipin Chandra Pal
Pramathanath Mitra
Brahma Bandhab Upadhyay published Sandhya as part of the wave of radical Bengali revolutionary journalism following the 1905 Partition of Bengal — one of several such papers (alongside Yugantar) that pushed nationalist politics in a more militant direction.
The Aitchison Commission (1886) was appointed by Lord Dufferin to make recommendations regarding:
Public Services (Civil Services reform) ✓
Army reorganization
Land revenue settlement
Statutory Police reforms
The Aitchison Commission examined Public/Civil Service recruitment and organization, part of a recurring colonial-era pattern of official commissions investigating specific administrative concerns — Indian nationalist leaders frequently critiqued such commissions for their limited responsiveness to Indian demands (e.g., for simultaneous ICS exams in India).
The Raleigh Commission (1902) was set up under Lord Curzon to investigate:
Condition and prospects of Universities in India ✓
Famine relief measures
Irrigation development
Police administration reforms
The Raleigh Commission investigated Indian universities under Curzon, leading to the (controversial, seen by many nationalists as restrictive) Indian Universities Act of 1904 — part of Curzon's broader, contested program of administrative "reform."
The Frazer Commission (1902–03) was constituted by Lord Curzon to recommend reforms in:
Police System ✓
Indian Railways
Agriculture and Credit
Primary Education
The Frazer Commission examined the Indian police system under Curzon — one of several targeted administrative commissions of his viceroyalty, alongside the separate Raleigh Commission on universities, reflecting his characteristically detailed, commission-driven approach to governance.
The Inchcape Committee (1923) was appointed by the British administration to recommend measures for:
Retrenchment and reduction of public expenditure ✓
Constitutional developments
Higher education funding
Frontier defense lines
The Inchcape Committee recommended sweeping retrenchment (expenditure cuts) in the early 1920s, reflecting post-WWI financial pressures on the colonial government — a purely fiscal/administrative commission distinct from the political/constitutional commissions of the same era.
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Itihaaskar — UGC NET/JRF & UPSC History Optional notes by Parveen Malik (B.Tech. (CSE), M.A. (History), History JRF). Also spelt Itihaskar.
