UGC NET History Practice Question

What did the term Hasil signify in Mughal fiscal records?

Actual revenue collected ✓

Assessment of land revenue (Jama)

Peasant loan for buying seeds

Remission granted due to natural disaster

Hasil meant the actual revenue realized/collected, as distinct from Jama, the assessed or estimated revenue — the gap between the two (Hasil often falling short of Jama) is itself a useful indicator historians use to gauge administrative efficiency or agrarian distress in a given region.

What was the Jama in Mughal land revenue documents?

Estimated or assessed revenue income from a unit of land ✓

Actual tax collected at harvest

Arrears left unpaid by farmers

Administrative expense of the village headman

Jama was the assessed/estimated revenue figure (as opposed to Hasil, the actually collected amount) — Mughal administrative records like the Ain-i-Akbari extensively tabulate Jama figures by Pargana, making them a key quantitative historical source.

The term Karkhana during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal period referred to:

State manufacturing workshops producing goods for the court, army, and administration ✓

Private retail market shops

Custom houses on state borders

Grain storage warehouses

Karkhanas were state-run workshops producing textiles, weapons, and luxury goods for the court and army — a form of centralized manufacturing distinct from ordinary market-based private production, employing large numbers of skilled artisans directly for the state.

Under Alauddin Khalji's market control policy, who was appointed as the supreme head (Shahna) of the central grain market (Mandis)?

Shahna-i-Mandi ✓

Barid-i-Mandi

Munhiyan

Diwan-i-Riasat

The Shahna-i-Mandi supervised the central grain market under Alauddin Khalji's famously strict market-control system, which fixed prices and used informants (Munhiyan/Barids) to enforce compliance — one of the most ambitious price-control experiments in medieval Indian administration.

What was the Taccavi (or Sondhar) loan system introduced during the Sultanate and Mughal eras?

State agricultural advance loans given to peasants for purchasing seeds, bullocks, and digging wells ✓

Commercial loan given to foreign sea merchants

Tax advance taken by zamindars from the state

Emergency military salary payment

Taccavi loans were state-provided agricultural credit to help peasants purchase seed, cattle, and dig wells, especially after crop failure or during land-extension drives (like Muhammad bin Tughlaq's Diwan-i-Amir-Kohi) — an early example of state-supported agrarian investment.

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